• Apelin APJ triggers a variety

  2023-09-14

  

  Apelin/APJ triggers a variety of cellular signaling pathways (Fig. 1). Recent studies from our laboratory showed that apelin-13 induces vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation by the upregulation of Cyclin D1 expression, which is involved in an ERK-dependent activation of Jagged-1/Notch3 si

• The PDZ domains of DLG interact with tumor suppressor protei

  2023-09-14

  

  The PDZ domains of DLG interact with tumor suppressor proteins, APC and PTEN, as well as with several viral oncoproteins such as the E6 protein present in oncogenic human papillomavirus (reviewed in [177]). It has been reported that overexpression of DLG in fibroblasts impairs the events in the G0/G

• br Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma HCC is the third le

  2023-09-14

  

  Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third-leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and accounts for 70–85% of all liver cancer diagnoses [1]. In East and South-East Asia, the occurrence of HCC and the related number of fatalities have gradually increased in recent decades [2

• Cell surface metalloproteases coordinate signaling

  2023-09-13

  

  Cell surface metalloproteases coordinate signaling during development, tissue homeostasis, and disease. A disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) is a well-characterized member among ADAM family, which mediates the cleavage of various cell surface proteins (Black, 2002, Black et al., 1997, Dello

• br Introduction Chronic kidney disease

  2023-09-13

  

  Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem. This problem is even worse in socioeconomically deprived countries because lower income and social deprivation are associated with higher incidence of reduced GFR, progressive kidney function loss and end stage renal

• Although several ARIs have reached various phases

  2023-09-13

  

  Although several ARIs have reached various phases of clinical experimentation however most of them have been withdrawn either due to an insufficient bioavailability, their poor efficacy or adverse side effects. Currently Epalrestat is in clinical use for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. The sid

• br Downstream signalling of AKT A consensus phosphorylation

  2023-09-13

  

  Downstream signalling of AKT A consensus phosphorylation motif has been described for AKT substrates: R-X-R-X-X-S/T-B where X represents any amino JANEX-1 and B represents bulky hydrophobic residues (Alessi, Caudwell, Andjelkovic, Hemmings, & Cohen, 1996). Numerous AKT substrates have been publi

• To validate the identified phosphorylation sites

  2023-09-13

  

  To validate the identified phosphorylation sites in the mouse heart, we analyzed HEK 293T LY2874455 transfected with Adrb1 based on the hypothesis that protein residues phosphorylated both in vivo and in vitro are more likely to be physiologically relevant. All of the phosphorylation sites identifi

• The anorexic effect observed when AR is infused into the

  2023-09-13

  

  The anorexic effect observed when AR231630 is infused into the VTA could be the result of the DA release inhibition, as previously described [11]. However, there is also a hedonic aspect in feeding that possibly involves dopaminergic mechanisms of reward. Helm et al. showed a functional link between

• br Functional consequences of ADK regulation

  2023-09-13

  

  Functional consequences of ADK regulation on astrocyte function As outlined above (see introduction), ADK critically regulates the extracellular adenosine levels in TNP-470 (Boison, 2006, Etherington et al., 2009). Changes in the levels of adenosine, as a result of the regulation of ADK expressi

• At the last follow up nine patients had discontinued

  2023-09-13

  

  At the last follow-up, nine patients had discontinued pyridostigmine within the first year postoperatively. Only one patient required pyridostigmine at a higher dose, but this was accompanied by successful weaning of prednisolone. None of the 5 patients who were on pyridostigmine treatment alone pri

• br Acknowledgement br Introduction There

  2023-09-13

  

  Acknowledgement Introduction There has been great progress in the treatment of autoimmune disease during the past several decades. However, the majority of autoimmune diseases have no known cure. B lymphocytes and autoantibodies play important roles in many autoimmune diseases, including rheum

• br Expression of autotaxin in cancer Autotaxin ATX

  2023-09-13

  

  Expression of autotaxin in cancer Autotaxin (ATX) is a member of the family of NPPs (Nucleotides pyrophosphatases phosphodiesterases (NPP) family with a unique lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) activity, allowing the synthesis of LPA from lysophospholipid precursors such as the lysophosphatidylcholin

• Several structural classes of ASK

  2023-09-13

  

  Several structural Ion Channel Compound Library of ASK1 inhibitors, mostly from industry but also from academia, have been identified over the last decade. In 2012, Terao et al. (Takeda) reported imidazo[1,2-α]pyridine () as a potent ASK1 inhibitor derived from structure-based drug design. GSK, Me

• br Physiology of the apelin pathway br Role of

  2023-09-13

  

  Physiology of the apelin pathway Role of apelin in heart disease Both apelin and apelin receptor null mice manifested moderate reduction in cardiac contractile function under basal conditions and their exercise capacity was markedly reduced (Table 1) [56]. Apelin has direct effects on the prop

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