• There are two ways to transport

  2025-02-06

  

  There are two ways to transport FFAs into cells. First by passive diffusion. Second as the putative long-chain fatty Resin production transporters are proposed, CD36 the plasma membrane-associated fatty acid-binding protein (FABPpm) and fatty acid transport proteins (FATP) [11], where CD36 is respo

• In addition to the above mentioned synaptic

  2025-02-06

  

  In addition to the above-mentioned synaptic mechanisms, the serotonergic system also has a critical role in the antidepressant effects of mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists. Indeed, we previously reported that mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists increased the firing rate of serotonin neurons in the dorsal raphe

• Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that plays pivotal

  2025-02-06

  

  Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that plays pivotal roles in different physiological and pathophysiological processes by triggering specific cell-surface receptors both in the gstp1 and in the periphery. The adenosine receptors (ARs) are four different subtypes of G protein-coupled receptors (G

• br Mechanisms of specific immunotherapy Several mechanisms

  2025-02-06

  

  Mechanisms of specific immunotherapy Several mechanisms may be involved in specific immunotherapy of EAMG by active immunization with the therapeutic vaccine in IFA. During the therapy, the therapeutic benefits result from diversion of autoantibody specificities away from pathogenic extracellular

• br Conflict of interest br Acknowledgments

  2025-02-06

  

  Conflict of interest Acknowledgments Introduction Inflammation is a protective response of the microcirculation to harmful stimuli. Yet, excessive inflammation is potentially harmful and a characteristic of many chronic diseases [1]. 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO, EC1.13.11.34) contributes to the in

• alzheimer's disease Endoplasmic reticulum ER stress resu

  2025-02-06

  

  Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress resulting from accumulation of misfolded proteins in ER lumen stimulates a chain of adaptive responses termed as the unfolded protein response (UPR). Glucose related protein (GRP78/BiP), key ER chaperone essential for the activation of the ER-transmembrane signaling

• Despite their different effects on cell survival the

  2025-02-06

  

  Despite their different effects on cell survival, the functions of autophagy and apoptosis are not completely independent. Additionally, Cho et al. (2009) suggested that the mediation of caspase-3 links the apoptotic and autophagic signaling pathways. Consequently, to illuminate the correlation, exc

• In addition to peroxyl radicals the most found radical

  2025-02-06

  

  In addition to peroxyl radicals, the most found radical forms in biological systems, some of assays took into account other free radicals such as superoxide anion, hydroxyl, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen and peroxynitrite. ORAC procedure was also modified using different radical sources such as

• Although little is known about the etiopathogenesis

  2025-02-05

  

  Although little is known about the etiopathogenesis of preeclampsia, this syndrome has a major impact on maternal and fetal health worldwide, since it is responsible for 10–15% of maternal deaths [16], [17], preterm births, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and fetal deaths [2]. In developing

• br Introduction Heart failure HF is a

  2025-02-05

  

  Introduction Heart failure (HF) is a chronically progressive disease and one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide despite recent improvements in its treatment [1], [2], [3]. The mortality and morbidity benefits of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) are wel

• We recently identified a G A

  2025-02-05

  

  We recently identified a G9A-dependent epigenetic mechanism for transcriptional activation of the serine pathway in cancer cells (Ding et al., 2013). G9A, also known as EHMT2 and KMT1C, is a H3K9 methyltransferase that has a primary role in catalyzing H3K9me1 and H3K9me2 in euchromatin (Shinkai and

• Motolimod receptor br Serine glycine and one carbon

  2025-02-05

  

  Serine/glycine and one-carbon metabolism Altered serine metabolism in tumors was noted nearly half a century ago, and elevated flux through the de novo serine synthesis pathway (SSP) is a common phenomenon in cancer Motolimod receptor [43]. The SSP branches from glycolysis at the point of 3-phos

• The cavity volume of the binding pocket may

  2025-02-05

  

  The cavity volume of the binding pocket may differ not only between species but also among various AhR/ARNT isoforms within a single species. It is noteworthy that even a single amino BMP-2 for bone regeneration substitution within a binding pocket may result in a change in the cavity volume. This,

• Mechanisms implicated in antinociception by A R agonists

  2025-02-05

  

  Mechanisms implicated in antinociception by A3R agonists in neuropathic pain are summarized in Box 3. Cellular transduction mechanisms for A3Rs include inhibition of cyclic AMP, PKA via Gαi, interactions with PLC/IP3/DAG and signaling via Gαi and Gαq, and interactions with PI3K/MEK/ERK via βγ subuni

• When added to the culture medium extracellular

  2025-02-05

  

  When added to the culture medium, extracellular ATP is metabolized into adenosine by ectonucleotidases, and ARs are then activated by adenosine with concentrations in the micromolar range [27]. However, our study showed that activation of ARs by exogenous adenosine could not induce the odontoblastic

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